The current research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of training courses held for teachers based on the Kirkpatrick model. The research population is all the people who participated in the mentioned training courses and finally, 123 people who participated in the courses during 2013-2014 were selected as a sample through simple random sampling method. This research is descriptive in terms of data collection, practical in terms of purpose, and evaluation in terms of function. To collect information in the first level, the reaction level evaluation form was used, and in the second and third levels, a questionnaire was used to evaluate learning and behavior. One-sample t-test was used to analyze the obtained data. The findings of the research indicated that there was no optimal effectiveness in all four levels of reaction, learning, behavior and results, and the main reasons for this were the failure to conduct a needs assessment for the mentioned courses, and the lack of mastery of the professors of the courses. The content and method of teaching, lack of attention and correct criteria to attract the professors of the courses, lack of motivation in the teachers to participate effectively in the courses and attend only to receive certificates and degrees, and lack of attention to useful and practical content in the courses.

Introduction: The importance of education in today's world is evident for anyone. Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, educational centers seek electronic approaches to train the students. On the other hand, education authorities encounter difficulties like abundant educational material, limited learning time, lack of interactive media, and poor quality of education that negatively influence student’ s motivation and engagement. An effective solution in this regard is gamification in the electronic learning. Additionally, software developers encounter many complexities in producing courses that use game elements for learning, including lack of precise understanding of the concepts of the field, which makes the development of the software a time-consuming process. Materials and Methods: In this study, the process of designing and implementing courses was simplified for developers by modeling the concepts of gamification using the model driven approach. A metamodel was designed for e-learning domain using Eclipse framework, and then a model was has developed based on this metamodel that represented a gamification course. Results: A meta-model was created for modeling gamification of electronic education using a model driven approach and then a model was developed based on this metamodel that indicated a gamification course for educational purposes. Conclusion: In this study, the learning process became more attractive by applying gamification, in addition to facilitating e-course development process, which was usually implemented in web platforms using the model driven approach. Different models may be driven from the metamodel presented in this study according to the requirements of customers. These models may be used in transformation programs to generate implementation code for e-courses.

The present study examined the effects of Action Research courses on professional skills of teachers in academic year 1386 - 1387 in Tehran. A randomly selected sample of 244 teachers participated in action research courses during 1383-86. Data were collected using a researcher- made questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. Results showed that the effects of action research courses were significant on educational skills (M=85.4) and instructional skills (M=84.6). Significant difference was found between teachers with 10-20 years experience and others. Finally teachers with basic sciences background found the courses more effective compared to other participants.

Iran 20-year outlook document has many security parameters from whose context the dimensions of security in political, economic, military, scientific, social, health care, environmental and cultural domains can be drawn out and explained. For this purpose, the article seeks to scope out the cultural security in the outlook document, and to scrutinize the parameters of a culturally secure society, the threats against cultural security and the courses of action for attaining security as worked out in the IRI 20-year outlook document. The methods of documentary-library studies will be used in order to achieve the intended objectives, with the method of answering the questions being attributional analysis. The findings of this research indicate that achieving the delineated objectives in the outlook document require the establishment of a culturally secure society that is capable of being recognized with parameters such as “ethical society”, “ethical standards and Islamic values”, “development consistent with cultural contingencies” and other cultural parameters. Based on the parameters contained in the outlook document, cultural security could face threats at three levels, namely human, national and strategic. For this reason, considering the parameters of providing cultural security is necessary that include giving inspiration, deepening social justice, establishing a secure and ethical society, consolidating the Islamic and revolutionary identity, relying on Islamic values, consolidating the social compatibility, protecting the lawful freedoms, total deterrence and well-planned and well-thought-out collective efforts. The structure of this article includes a conceptual examination of security and cultural security in Chapter 1 and a study of cultural security in the Outlook Document, as well as the threats against the cultural security and the means of attaining cultural security in the 20-year Outlook Document in the next chapter.

This review study explains health and reproductive health consequences of female genital mutilation, legal dimensions and interventional strategies for its elimination. Female genital mutilation includes all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia. Female genital cutting is classified into three major types. Type I, Clitoridectomy (partial or total removal of the clitoris); Type II, Excision (partial or total excision of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without removal of labia majora) and Type III, Infibulation (tightening of vaginal orifice by cutting and appositioning the labia minora and/or the labia majora). According to global statistics, around 135 million women worldwide have been circumcised. Every year 3 million African girls are circumcised. There is no clear data on FGM prevalence in Iran. But according to a research in Minab the prevalence of circumcision is 70%. There are cultural, social and religion-based reasons behind FGM. Female genital mutilation is also rooted in severe gender discrimination against women. Female genital cutting is considered to be a means to conserve a girl’s virginity and to make them clean and beautiful.Female genital mutilation has many harmful consequences. Short-term complications such as pain, infection, urinary problems, septicemia and some long-term consequences are chronic pain and pelvic infections, dysparonia and increased prevalence of infertility. Genital mutilation of women has negative effects on delivery process and increases the risk of maternal and neonatal mortality.Female genital mutilation is a violation against women and children rights and violation of human rights. As it was mentioned, girls and women are being circumcised in some parts of Iran. To stop FGM in our country we could use media, schools and religious groups to raise people awareness and pass acts against this practice. We must consider that there is a long road ahead of the people who are trying to end this practice.

Though nowadays women architects comprise a great part of the architectural community, they are not good in the areas of research, educational, administrative and professional authority and they are not worthy enough in contribution to the field of management. Managers and employers for many reasons such as family responsibilities, less physical strength and belief in the inability of monitoring and supervising, consider women as inappropriate to attend workshops and executive matters and in the same conditions, they prefer males for such matters. So it leads women to work just in office. In this context, through studies on the current situation of women in Iran and the world, the different obstacles women face are investigated and some solutions are introduced. The limitations and obstacles women face are collected and have been discussed in three main parts: personal barriers, institutional barriers and social barriers.

Educational innovation is considered as an inevitable program in teacher training program and student learning that leads a passive teacher to a productive teacher. The professional competence of teachers plays a prominent role in the learning, awareness and understanding of students, and the key role of the teacher in relation with students is determined in the heart of education. Facilitation is considered as an indirect method to increase the participation of individuals and groups per unit of time. The present study is based on the action research approach. This study has investigated the lack of attention, lack of interest, lack of motivation and academic progress of secondary school students in the health and hygiene course. Then, the educational facilitation approach using practical and theoretical tools was used to solve the problems observed by the researcher. The present study was conducted in three high schools and conservatories in Aligudarz city in the academic year of 2022-2021. Data was collected qualitatively and quantitatively. SPSS version 22 was used in the analysis. Facilitation was the approach used by the researcher, which was implemented using pre-designed activities in the health and hygiene classroom with the cooperation of students. According to the results, the use of the facilitation approach had a significant effect on the academic progress of students, increasing class participation and increasing interest in the course content.

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works

Introduction: Effective plaque removal is an important factor in the long-term clinical success of dental implants. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of a powered toothbrush (Power Cross-Action) and a manual toothbrush (Cross-Action) in the control of plaque and soft tissue inflammation around implants supporting mandibular overdentures.Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-over clinical trial. The subjects included 10 edentulous subjects, aged 47-73 years, with removable mandibular overdentures supported by 2 unsplinted implants, all the subjects wore maxillary complete dentures. The study consisted of two 4-week phases separated by a 2-week interval. In each phase each subject randomly used one toothbrush type. Two days prior to each phase, the implants were polished. Plaque and bleeding indices were recorded before and after brushing. Data was analyzed by t-test using SPSS software (a=0.05).Results: Both toothbrushes reduced the indices under study. Means of plaque index decreases were 0.5 in manual toothbrush and 0.44 in powered toothbrush. Means of bleeding index decreases were 0.27 in manual toothbrush and 0.3 in powered toothbrush. There were no statistically significant differences between the two toothbrush types in changing plaque index (p value=0.88) and bleeding index (p value=0.91).Conclusion: Both toothbrushes were efficient in plaque control around implants which supported mandibular overdentures and there was no difference between them. Patients can use one of these toothbrushes depending on personal preference and comfort.

One of the most frequent rules in various areas of demonstrative jurisprudence of Two Major Sects of Islam religion is a rule that is known among Shīʿa as “tolerance in the evidence of traditions” (Arabic: التسامح فی أدلّة السنن) and in Sunnī as “latitudinarianism in documents” (Arabic: التساهل فی أسانید). Believers in the general application of this rule have based it for reasons such as consensus (Arabic: إجماع), tradition famous through practice (Arabic: الشهرة العملیّة), and rational judgement (intellectual judgement) and a group of aḥādīth (Arabic: أحادیث, plural form for ḥadīth, literally “talk” or “discourse”) called “Akhbar-e- Man Balagh” (Arabic: أخبار من بلغ). The understanding of the aforementioned narrations and the extent of application of this rule has caused a conflict of opinions among scholars. The narrations containing the excellences of suras of the Holy Book of Quran is one of the fields of application of the rule of tolerance. The present research has explained the types of exposure to this group of narrations based on the rule of tolerance by using descriptive-exploratory method and using library sources and seeks to find a suitable approach about narrations of the excellences of suras (chapters) of the Holy Book of Quran. The interaction with these narrations is organized based on a special reading of the rule of tolerance in the selected approach, which is based on a rational interpretation of the contents of Man-Balagh (Arabic: من بلغ)’s narrations and is compatible with the indications of some verses and traditions. The use of weak narrations containing the excellences of suras (chapters) will be permissible based on this approach considering three conditions and without any certainty of attributing these narrations to Sharʿ (Islamic rules).